纳污海域水环境容量计算与总量分配方法研究——以钦州湾为例

经过比较,明确了选用多源线性迭加的方法来计算纳污海域环境容量更加便利和有效,确定了纳污海域水环境容量计算中的几个重要条件,在对“背景浓度”的处理上引入了最大日均值的概念,使得计算结果更加安全可靠。在此基础上,以广西钦州湾为例,用多元线性迭加法计算出纳污海域两个规划排污口联合排放的无机氮、COD、石油类的最大允许排放量。优化了污染物排放方法,为钦州湾污染物排放提供了科学依据。     

The social and spatial distribution of temperature-related health impacts from urban heat island reduction policies

Cities are developing innovative strategies to combat climate change but there remains little knowledge of the winners and losers from climate-adaptive land use planning and design. We examine the distribution of health benefits associated with land use policies designed to increase vegetation and surface reflectivity in three US metropolitan areas: Atlanta, GA, Philadelphia, PA, and Phoenix, AZ. Projections of population and land cover at the census tract scale were combined with climate models for the year 2050 at 4 km × 4 km resolution to produce future summer temperatures which were input into a comparative risk assessment framework for the temperature-mortality relationship. The findings suggest disparities in the effectiveness of urban heat management strategies by age, income, and race. We conclude that, to be most protective of human health, urban heat management must prioritize areas of greatest population vulnerability.     

Are ecosystem service hotspots located in protected areas? Results from a study in Southern Italy

Ecosystems are essential in providing multiple services to society. However, understanding ecosystem services (ESS) in terms of spatial distribution and trade-offs still remains a challenge for landscape planners and natural resource managers. In this paper, we analyzed the supply of a set of ESS – carbon storage, soil erosion protection, biodiversity, and recreation – within the landscape surrounding the city of Bari in Southern Italy. Through an analysis of this landscape, which includes natural protected areas, such as Natura 2000 Network sites, national and regional parks and nature reserves, and in view of the recent Fitness Check of the Nature Directives, we aimed to provide answers to the following questions: (i) Where are the areas of high and low supply of individual ecosystem services located?; (ii) Where do ecosystem service trade-offs (i.e., ‘hotspots’ and ‘coldspots’) occur?; and (iii) To what extent are ecosystem service hotspots and coldspots located within or outside of natural protected areas? Results show that most of the landscape in the study area supplied at least one of the selected ESS and that ESS hotspots were mostly located within forested and/or natural areas. Hotspots occupied 8.0% of the total landscape, with 23.7% located in natural protected areas. Coldspots were scarce and equal to 2.4%; they constituted only 0.1% of natural protected areas. Almost all of the landscape (89.6%) consists of intermediate areas (i.e., between hotspots and coldspots); 76.2% of natural protected areas consists of intermediate areas. This latter finding is relevant because the high intermediate classes are potentially high-performing areas, which lie mainly on the borders of protected spaces; they can positively influence ecological processes and thus enhance a wide-ranging provision of ESS. Our results highlight the importance of analyzing landscapes to facilitate the selection of priority areas where management efforts would yield maximum benefits.     

基于多米诺效应的油品储罐区个人风险研究

介绍了多米诺效应的基本原理和多米诺事故发生的概率分析方法。提出在一定条件下进行储罐区风险评价时，多米诺效应对个人风险值的影响不容忽视，并给出了考虑多米诺效应的个人风险计算方法。最后利用开发的个人风险计算软件通过分析计算，给出了某储罐区的个人风险等值线分布图。结果表明，该罐区正北方向相邻的一劳动密集型工厂需搬迁，或采取相应安全保护措施降低风险。该方法考虑了多米诺效应对装置事故发生概率的影响，能提高个人风险计算结果的真实性与准确性。     

臭氧微气泡深度处理染料废水生化出水

采用臭氧氧化法对某厂染料废水生化出水进行深度处理，考察了废水初始pH值和臭氧气泡大小对废水处理效果的影响，研究了臭氧微气泡对气液传质的影响。结果表明，在pH 2.5~11范围内，废水初始pH值越大，处理效果越好；加载微孔膜片后，臭氧气泡粒径变小，增大了臭氧的传质比表面积，延长了臭氧气泡在反应柱内的停留时间，强化了传质效果，处理废水的臭氧利用率可增大10%~30%，强化了臭氧氧化作用。加载5 μm孔径的膜片相比无膜片的情况，COD去除率提高了近30%，TOC去除率提高了16%。     

Quantifying Loss of Acoustic Communication Space for Right Whales in and around a U.S. National Marine Sanctuary

The effects of chronic exposure to increasing levels of human‐induced underwater noise on marine animal populations reliant on sound for communication are poorly understood. We sought to further develop methods of quantifying the effects of communication masking associated with human‐induced sound on contact‐calling North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in an ecologically relevant area (～10,000 km²) and time period (peak feeding time). We used an array of temporary, bottom‐mounted, autonomous acoustic recorders in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary to monitor ambient noise levels, measure levels of sound associated with vessels, and detect and locate calling whales. We related wind speed, as recorded by regional oceanographic buoys, to ambient noise levels. We used vessel‐tracking data from the Automatic Identification System to quantify acoustic signatures of large commercial vessels. On the basis of these integrated sound fields, median signal excess (the difference between the signal‐to‐noise ratio and the assumed recognition differential) for contact‐calling right whales was negative (?1 dB) under current ambient noise levels and was further reduced (?2 dB) by the addition of noise from ships. Compared with potential communication space available under historically lower noise conditions, calling right whales may have lost, on average, 63–67% of their communication space. One or more of the 89 calling whales in the study area was exposed to noise levels ≥120 dB re 1 μPa by ships for 20% of the month, and a maximum of 11 whales were exposed to noise at or above this level during a single 10‐min period. These results highlight the limitations of exposure‐threshold (i.e., dose‐response) metrics for assessing chronic anthropogenic noise effects on communication opportunities. Our methods can be used to integrate chronic and wide‐ranging noise effects in emerging ocean‐planning forums that seek to improve management of cumulative effects of noise on marine species and their habitats. Cuantificación de la Pérdida de Espacio de Comunicación Acústica para Ballenas Francas Dentro y Alrededor de un Santuario Marino Nacional en E. U. A.     

四川东部沱江茎瘤芥产地重金属特征及其富集规律研究

通过对四川省沱江乡榨菜种植区土壤和榨菜中重金属的分布特征进行调查分析。结果表明，菜头叶茎中（Zd、Cr、（Zu、Hg、As、Pb6种重金属元素的含量一般随着土壤中此6种重金属元素含量的增加而增多，但分析样品中也有部分样点表现出异样趋势，通过分析此异常主要是人为活动影响造成的。菜头叶茎中对此6种重金属元素均表现出较高富集性，其中尤以cd最为严重，富集系数高达12．14。     

吉林市江北化工区环境容量研究

本文通过对吉林市江北化工区内、外的大气污染物SO2排放调查，以及环境空气中SO2浓度调查，并应用多源模型（ISC3），结合B值削减分配法计算江北化工区环境空气中SO2的环境容量，计算出该区域的剩余环境容量为16732．04t／a。     

区域定量风险评价理论探讨

基于区域风险评价的特点,给出区域定量风险评价的定义;提出区域定量风险评价的模式;基于事故后果分析方法和灰关联度理论,提出分析项目间风险关联性大小的分析方法。通过对风险关联度计算结果利用曲线进行圆滑处理,将其关联性大小分为4级;在确定不同风险关联度级别的同时,还可以精确反映出同一级别之间及相邻级别之间的相关性差异水平。通过对沈阳化工园区的实际应用,验证了该方法的可行性及其应用效果。风险关联性理论在园区区域定量风险评价中具有一定的实用价值。     

张掖市SO2控制区污染源的解析

张掖市是国务院划定的SO2污染控制区之一,其SO2污染严重程度居全国前列,本研究以环境空气SO2监测和SO2污染源监测调查为基础,以ATDL模式为模拟手段,对张掖市SO2控制区的污染源进行了解析,分析找出造成该控制区SO2污染的根本原因,从而为制定SO2污染总量控制方案奠定科学基础。